挡土墙

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中文3900字，英文2200字

文件组成及目录

摘要：工程师在开挖大于自然坡度的斜坡时，他们需要护墙来阻止坡体土的滑动。在传统上，挡土墙有三个基本的元素：结构、土的类型以及其他的外在因素。挡土墙的结构可以分为两大类：一是与土体紧密相连的结构；二是支撑挖掘厚土体的结构。挡土墙的选择主要考虑九方面的因素：土的特性；地下的影响；施工影响；优先权因素，；美学；环境因素；持久性与养护；费用；政策及传统的影响。
Abstract： when engineers excavate a slope steeper than nature allow ,they need a retaining wall to keep all that earth from tumbling down. Traditionally earth-retaining structures have three basic elements: the ground and any external factors base earth-retaining structures can be pided into two major categories : those supporting compacted earth and those supporting ground excavations.selection factors can be pided into nine major categories: soil characteristics construction considerations. right-of-way, aesthetics, environmental concerns, durability and maintentenance, cost, politic and tradition