建筑的组成部分

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中文3400字，英文2800字

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材料和结构类型是构成建筑物各方面的组成部分，包括承重结构、围护结构、楼地面和隔墙。在建筑物内部还有机械和电气系统，例如电梯、供暖和冷却系统、照明系统等。高于地面的部分是建筑物的上部结构，地面以下部分为建筑物的基础和地基。
摩天大楼的出现应归功于19世纪的两个新发明：钢结构建筑和载人电梯。钢材作为结构材料是从1855年贝色麦炼钢法被首次介绍后开始应用的。古斯塔•艾菲尔（1832~1923）首次介绍钢结构建筑是在法国。他的设计是为1889年的巴黎国际博览会所设计的理想的建筑，表达了钢结构的轻巧。艾菲尔铁塔高300米，是当时人类建造的最高建筑物，直到40年后才由美国的摩天大楼超过其高度。
Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems.  The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.
The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator.  Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1885.Gustave Eiffel (1832-1932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework.  The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers.