钻井工艺技术

钻井工艺技术(中文5300字,英文3700字)
成功勘探和生产的关键
蒸汽动力装置和电缆的使用，这个微笑的力量改变了世界。钻井技术远不及现在的水平，但它在18世纪末19世纪初影响到了宾夕法尼亚州和俄亥俄州的小部分领域。
然而，当采油者将范围扩展到德克萨斯州的时候出现了更大的挑战，这里的石油埋藏在更深的储油层里。在这儿，使用普通的电缆工具是无法实现钻井的目的的。可以代替的是，引入了旋转钻机来钻更深地层的井。这些钻机代表了最新的技术，并很快成为最受欢迎的钻井方法。

September 1999
Frontiers of Technology
Drilling Technology
The Key to Successful Exploration and Production
Using steam-powered cable-tool rigs that pounded the Earth with fishtail bits until it gave up its oil, turn-of-the-century drillers managed to find oil with surprising frequency. The drilling technology wasn’t much by today’s standards, but it worked on the shallow prospects of Pennsylvania and Ohio during the late 1800s and early 1900s.
However, greater drilling challenges occurred when oilmen expanded their efforts to Texas, where the oil lay encased in deeper pay zones. Here, drilling targets could not be reached using standard cable-tool methods. Instead, rotary rigs were brought in to drill the deeper plays. These rigs represented the latest technology, and they quickly became the preferred method for drilling.